Although stock market indexes have been around since the 19th century, the concept of index investing is far more recent. The concept was boosted significantly by the launch of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) in the early 1990s. After a relatively slow start, ETFs have subsequently grown to become a worldwide phenomenon. In the US alone, over USD 1 trillion is invested in these funds.
In line with increases in both the number and size of ETFs, the complexity and sophistication of the funds have also grown. For the first 10 years or so of their existence, ETFs were based almost exclusively on stock indexes. Sector-based ETFs then emerged, while diversification into new asset classes – such as fixed income, real estate, and commodities – gathered pace. Today the product range includes leveraged ETFs and actively managed ETFs.